Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
5634658 | World Neurosurgery | 2017 | 38 Pages |
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive central nervous system cancer with poor prognosis despite maximal therapy. The recent advent of immunotherapy holds great promise for improving GBM survival and has already made great strides toward changing management strategies. A diverse set of biomarkers have been implicated as immunotherapeutic targets and prognostic indicators in other cancers. Some of the more extensively studied examples include cytokines (IL-4, IL-13, and TGF-β), checkpoint molecules (PD-1, CTLA-4, TIM-3, LAG-3, CD137, GITR, OX40), and growth/angiogenesis proteins (endoglin and EGFR). Emerging theories involving the tumor mutational landscape and microbiome have also been explored in relation to cancer treatment. Although identification of novel biomarkers may improve and help direct treatment of patients with GBM, the next step is to explore the role of biomarkers in precision medicine and selection of specific immunotherapeutic drugs in an individualized manner.
Keywords
EGFRPD-L2LAG-3TMZIL-13RCyTOFIL-4RGITRTregGBMMutational landscapePD-L1PD-1TGF-βCTLA-4FACSmRNAmessenger RNAcytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4immunotherapyImmunohistochemistryIHCinterleukinTILTransforming growth factor βTemozolomideTumor-infiltrating lymphocytestumor necrosis factor αTim-3fluorescence-activated cell sortingCNSNon-small-cell lung cancerNSCLCRegulatory T cellCytokinescentral nervous systemTNF-αProgrammed death ligand 1Programmed death 1MicrobiomeBiomarkerspolymerase chain reactionPCRLymphocyte activation gene 3Glioblastomainterleukin 4 receptorepidermal growth factor receptors
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Authors
Alice L. Hung, Tomas Garzon-Muvdi, Michael Lim,