Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
5649334 | Journal of Investigative Dermatology | 2017 | 29 Pages |
Abstract
Facial wrinkling is one of the most notable signs of skin aging. Men and women show different wrinkling patterns yet the lifestyle and physiological factors underlying these sex-specific patterns are relatively unknown. Here, we investigated sex-specific determinants for facial wrinkles. Wrinkle area was quantified digitally using facial photographs of 3,831 northwestern Europeans (51-98 years, 58% female). Effect estimates from multivariable linear regressions are presented as the percentage difference in the mean value of wrinkle area per unit increase of a determinant (%Î). Wrinkle area was higher in men (median 4.5%, interquartile range: 2.9-6.3) than in women (3.6%, interquartile range: 2.2-5.6). Age was the strongest determinant, and current smoking (men: 15.5%Î; women: 30.9%Î) and lower body mass index (men: 1.7%Î; women: 1.8%Î) were also statistically significantly associated with increased wrinkling. Pale skin color showed a protective effect (men:Â â21.0%Î; women:Â â28.5%Î) and, in men, sunburn tendency was associated with less wrinkling. In women, low educational levels and alcohol use were associated with more wrinkling, whereas female pattern hair loss and a higher free androgen index were associated with less wrinkling. In summary, we validated known and identified additional determinants for wrinkling. Skin aging-reducing strategies should incorporate the sex differences found in this study.
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Authors
Merel A. Hamer, Luba M. Pardo, Leonie C. Jacobs, M. Arfan Ikram, Joop S. Laven, Manfred Kayser, Loes M. Hollestein, David A. Gunn, Tamar Nijsten,