Nocardiosis in the south of France over a 10-years period, 2004-2014

•The clinical presentation of nocardiosis depends on the patient's immune status and underlying condition.•In this study, severe forms all occurred after treatments altering the immune system.•In this cohort, 38% of patients required both medical and surgical treatment.

SummaryBackgroundNocardiosis is a rare disease with polymorphic presentations. The epidemiology and clinical presentation could change with the increasing number of immunocompromised patients.MethodsThe medical records and microbiological data of patients affected by nocardiosis and treated at the university hospitals of Marseille between 2004 and 2014 were analyzed retrospectively.ResultsThe cases of 34 patients infected by Nocardia spp during this period were analyzed. The main underlying conditions were transplantation (n = 15), malignancy (n = 9), cystic fibrosis (n = 4), and immune disease (n = 3); no immunodeficiency condition was observed for three patients. No case of AIDS was observed. At diagnosis, 61.8% had received steroids for over 3 months. Four clinical presentations were identified, depending on the underlying condition: the disseminated form (50.0%) and the visceral isolated form (26.5%) in severely immunocompromised patients, the bronchial form (14.7%) in patients with chronic lung disease, and the cutaneous isolated form (8.8%) in immunocompetent patients. Nocardia farcinica was the main species identified (26.5%). Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was prescribed in 68.0% of patients, and 38.0% underwent surgery. Mortality was 11.7%, and the patients who died had disseminated or visceral nocardiosis.ConclusionsThe clinical presentation and outcome of nocardiosis depend on the patient's initial immune status and underlying pulmonary condition. Severe forms were all iatrogenic, occurring after treatments altering the immune system.