Incidence, presentation and outcome of toxoplasmosis in HIV infected in the combination antiretroviral therapy era

•Data from the Danish HIV Cohort Study - a nationwide population-based cohort study.•Declining incidence of CTX in the cART-era after surviving the 1st year.•Declining CTX mortality in the cART-era, specially after surviving the first 3 months.•CTX remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in late presenters.•CTX has an important impact in the patient's later well being and quality of life.

SummaryBackgroundHIV-associated incidence and prognosis of cerebral toxoplasmosis (CTX) is not well established during later years.MethodsFrom the Danish HIV Cohort Study, we identified 6325 HIV-infected individuals. We assessed incidence, mortality, predictive and prognostic factors of CTX during the pre-combination antiretroviral therapy (pre-cART; 1995-1996) and cART-era (1997-2014). Adjusted incidence rate ratios (aIRR), mortality rate ratios (aMRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were assessed using Poisson regression analysis.ResultsCTX IR was 1.17/1000 PYR (95% CI 0.93-1.47). We observed no change in CTX-risk in the first year after HIV-diagnosis, but a substantial reduction in mortality in the first 3 months after CTX diagnosis when comparing the cART-era to the pre-cART-era; {(aIRR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.37-1.72) (aMRR: 0.15; 95% CI: 0.06-0.38)}. For individuals surviving the first year after HIV-diagnosis or the first 3 months after CTX-diagnosis, IRR and MRR had declined to minimal levels {(aIRR: 0.06; 95% CI: 0.03-0.10); (aMRR: 0.02; 95% CI: 0.01-0.05)}. Three years after CTX-diagnosis 30% of the patients still had neurological deficits.ConclusionAlthough, CTX remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the cART-era, with high prevalence of neurological sequelae, incidence and mortality has largely declined, especially among those surviving the first year after diagnosis.