| Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type | 
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5679089 | European Journal of Internal Medicine | 2017 | 4 Pages | 
Abstract
												This process also applies to drug development. There is no magic formula at present to predict - at the pre-clinical level - the therapeutic value of a drug for people with a disease. However, pre-clinical studies are needed in order to formulate hypotheses that justify clinical trials. Without these preliminary studies in vitro and in vivo in selected animal species it would be unethical to test still unproven chemicals in humans.
											Keywords
												
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											Authors
												Silvio Garattini, Giuliano Grignaschi, 
											