Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy Puncture and Tract Dilation: Evidence on the Safety of Approaches to the Infundibulum of the Middle Renal Calyx

The use of SPECT/CT and CTP showed that the punctures to the mid-calyceal renal papilla-fornix and infundibulum as well as the renal pelvis at the same level have similar AoA. The sites of the parenchyma involved in the tract dilation of the respective approaches are not related to significant differences in terms of vascularization.