Granulocyte Colony-stimulating Factor-producing Upper Urinary Tract Carcinoma: Systematic Review of 46 Cases Reported in Japan

We believe that the presence of G-CSF-induced leukocytosis represents a distinct and highly aggressive form of upper urinary tract carcinoma. However, the results of our systematic review indicate that a multidisciplinary approach including surgery, neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy may have the potential to control the disease, although we cannot provide definitive recommendations from this retrospective study.