Stem and Progenitor Cells for Cartilage Repair: Source, Safety, Evidence, and Efficacy

Cartilage is a sensitive tissue prone to damage with sports and aging. Degenerative joint diseases are among the most profound in limiting quality of life and daily activities. Biological therapies have become available to potentially treat osteoarthritis and focal chondral defects. However, there remains no efficient way to regenerate native hyaline cartilage. Stem cell therapy and bioengineering constitute a promising field, which may transform our paradigms in orthopaedics. This article provides an overview of the current status and efficacy of stem and progenitor cell therapies that include cultured and nonexpanded sources such as bone marrow, adipose tissue, synovium, and peripheral blood. The purpose of this article is to summarize the reported potential of adult stem cell therapies focusing on focal chondral defects and osteoarthritis.