Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of traumatic cervical vascular injury

Operative techniques to treat traumatic cervical instability have evolved with the development of techniques such as occipital segmental plating, C1 lateral mass screws, a variety of C2 fixation techniques, and C1/C2 transarticular screw fixation, in addition to lateral mass and pedicle screws in the subaxial cervical spine. These advances have led to benefits, such as improved construct strength and enhanced biomechanical stability. In the current era, it is essential to have a good familiarity with the types of instrumentation available and a comprehensive understanding of the regional anatomy to avoid complications and optimize clinical outcomes.