Research paperYounger or older parental age and risk of suicidality, premature death, psychiatric illness, and criminality in offspring

•Offspring of teenage mothers at greatest risk across the adverse outcomes examined.•Risks for suicide and other types of premature death rose with rising paternal age.•U-shape trend linked with paternal age for psychiatric and criminality outcomes.•Maternal age 30 years and over not linked with elevated risks.

BackgroundYounger or older parental age has been linked with a range of adverse offspring endpoints. We investigated associations between parental age and nine adverse offspring outcomes in three correlated domains: (i) Premature death: suicide, unnatural death, natural death; (ii) Psychiatric morbidity: any mental illness, suicide attempt, substance misuse; (iii) Criminality: violent offending, imprisonment, driving whilst intoxicated.MethodsPersons born in Denmark 1966-1996 were followed from their 15th until 40th birthday or December 2011 (N=1,793,681). Incidence rate ratios were estimated.ResultsOffspring of teenage mothers had the greatest risks for all nine adverse outcomes, especially for imprisonment, violent offending, substance misuse, and attempted suicide. Teenage fatherhood was also associated with elevated risks for offspring adverse psychiatric and criminality outcomes, but not premature mortality (at ages 15-39 years). For the psychiatric and criminality outcomes there was a U-shape trend linked with paternal age, but risks for premature mortality tended to increase with rising paternal age. On the contrary, maternal age 30 years and over was not linked with raised risks for any of the outcomes examined.LimitationsParental links are based on legal and not biological relationships.ConclusionsThe substantially elevated risks linked with teenage motherhood for a variety of poor offspring outcomes is a concern for clinicians and policymakers. The associations observed across such a wide array of adverse outcomes also suggest that multiple causal mechanisms may be implicated.