New Approaches in TransplantationLiver transplantationTreatment of Refractory Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Patients With Portal Hypertension: A Case Series and Treatment Algorithm

•Portal hypertension with refractory GI bleeding requires additional investigation.•Refractory GI bleeding can be treated via balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration.

In patients with portal hypertension, ectopic varices can develop at any site along the gastrointestinal tract outside the classically described gastroesophageal location. Like esophageal variceal hemorrhage, bleeding from ectopic varices can be life-threatening. Diagnosis and treatment of ectopic varices can be challenging; to date, no effective treatment algorithm has been described. A systematic teamwork approach to diagnosing and treatment of ectopic varices is required to successfully manage hemorrhage from ectopic varices.