Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
5737556 | Neuroscience | 2017 | 34 Pages |
Abstract
Every spring, deer cast their old antlers and initiate a regeneration process, which yields a new set of antlers of up to 1Â m in length. Over the course of three months, branches of the trigeminal nerve, originating from the frontal skull, innervate velvet, a modified skin that covers the regenerating antler. The rate of growth of these axons reaches up to 2Â cm per day making them the fastest regenerating axons in adult mammals. Here, we aim to identify the factors secreted by velvet that promote such high speed axon growth. Our experiments with cultures of adult rat trigeminal neurons demonstrate that conditioned medium harvested from velvet organotypic cultures has greater axon growth-promoting properties than a medium conditioned by normal skin. The axon growth-promoting effects of velvet act synergistically with the extracellular matrix (ECM) protein laminin, a component of the basal lamina present in the deer antler. Our proteomic analyses identified several axon growth promoters in the velvet-conditioned medium (VCM), including soluble proteins such as nerve growth factor (NGF) and apolipoprotein A-1, as well as matrix extracellular proteins, such as periostin and SPARC. Additional in vitro analyses allowed us to determine that a synergic relationship between periostin and NGF may contribute to neurite growth-promoting effects of velvet secretome. A combinatorial approach using these factors may promote regeneration at high speeds in patients with peripheral neuropathies.
Keywords
ECMVCMIDAPLLNGFPBSFBSMWCOACNSRMSDS–PAGEenzyme linked immunosorbent assayEDTAEthylenediaminetetraacetic acidAcetonitrileFormic acidsodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresisAxon regenerationanalysis of varianceANOVAELISAfetal bovine serumperipheral nervous systemnerve growth factorMolecular weight cutoffExtracellular matrixPhosphate-buffered salineselected reaction monitoringbody weightProteomicsSecreted proteinsPoly-l-lysineInformation dependent acquisitiondeer antler
Related Topics
Life Sciences
Neuroscience
Neuroscience (General)
Authors
Wolfgang Pita-Thomas, Gemma Barroso-GarcÃa, Veronica Moral, Amber R. Hackett, Valeria Cavalli, Manuel Nieto-Diaz,