Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
5738990 | Neuroscience Research | 2017 | 48 Pages |
Abstract
Sleep, a common event in daily life, has clear benefits for brain function, but what goes on in the brain when we sleep remains unclear. Sleep was long regarded as a silent state of the brain because the brain seemingly lacks interaction with the surroundings during sleep. Since the discovery of electrical activities in the brain at rest, electrophysiological methods have revealed novel concepts in sleep research. During sleep, the brain generates oscillatory activities that represent characteristic states of sleep. In addition to electrophysiology, opto/chemogenetics and two-photon Ca2+ imaging methods have clarified that the sleep/wake states organized by neuronal and glial ensembles in the cerebral cortex are transitioned by neuromodulators. Even with these methods, however, it is extremely difficult to elucidate how and when neuromodulators spread, accumulate, and disappear in the extracellular space of the cortex. Thus, real-time monitoring of neuromodulator dynamics at high spatiotemporal resolution is required for further understanding of sleep. Toward direct detection of neuromodulator behavior during sleep and wakefulness, in this review, we discuss developing imaging techniques based on the activation of G-protein-coupled receptors that allow for visualization of neuromodulator dynamics.
Keywords
channelrhodopsin-2REMNREMLDTVTANBMGPCRLFPECoGChR2aCSFDREADDCFPIP3R2TMNIRESLUCPPTNeuromodulatordnSNAREG-protein coupled receptorAChARASAcetylcholineElectroencephalogramElectrophysiologyelectromyogramEMGelectrocorticogramFörster resonance energy transferbioluminescence resonance energy transferFRETBRETImagingrapid eye movementnon-rapid eye movementOFFSleepDorsal raphé internal ribosome entry siteascending reticular activating systemFlashcerebral cortexluciferaselocus coeruleusartificial cerebrospinal fluidventral tegmental areaEEGnoradrenalineoscillationspedunculopontine tegmental nucleusTuberomammillary nucleusnucleus basalis of Meynertlateral hypothalamusDownlocal field potentialcyan fluorescent proteinbasal forebrainChATCalciumcholine acetyltransferaseGABAgamma-amino butyric acid
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Authors
Takeshi Kanda, Kaoru Ohyama, Hiroki Muramoto, Nami Kitajima, Hiroshi Sekiya,