Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
5739072 | Progress in Neurobiology | 2017 | 24 Pages |
Abstract
There is ample empirical evidence to support the notion that the biological impacts of estrogen extend beyond the gonads to other bodily systems, including the brain and behavior. Converging preclinical findings have indicated a neuroprotective role for estrogen in a variety of experimental models of cognitive function and brain insult. However, the surprising null or even detrimental findings of several large clinical trials evaluating the ability of estrogen-containing hormone treatments to protect against age-related brain changes and insults, including cognitive aging and brain injury, led to hesitation by both clinicians and patients in the use of exogenous estrogenic treatments for nervous system outcomes. That estrogen-containing therapies are used by tens of millions of women for a variety of health-related applications across the lifespan has made identifying conditions under which benefits with estrogen treatment will be realized an important public health issue. Here we provide a summary of the biological actions of estrogen and estrogen-containing formulations in the context of aging, cognition, stroke, and traumatic brain injury. We have devoted special attention to highlighting the notion that estrogen appears to be a conditional neuroprotectant whose efficacy is modulated by several interacting factors. By developing criteria standards for desired beneficial peripheral and neuroprotective outcomes among unique patient populations, we can optimize estrogen treatments for attenuating the consequences of, and perhaps even preventing, cognitive aging and brain injury.
Keywords
iNOSET-1VCDDiarylpropionitrileMCAOpermanent MCAON-methyl-d-aspartateTransient MCAONMDAWHIMSERβpMCAOTBIMPATMCAOeNOSERECEECBFNGFCCL2NADPHIGFSVZOVXTNFαERαtPADPNPPTmRNAKEEPSGPER13-nitropropionic acidBDNFmessenger RNAROSSERMsAdenosine TriphosphateATPTraumatic brain injuryWomen's Health InitiativeTight junctionEstroneEstrogenconjugated equine estrogensestriolribonucleic acidRNAendothelin-1middle cerebral artery occlusionOvariectomycornu ammonisBrdUbromodeoxyuridinelong term potentiationLTPtumor necrosis factor alphacerebral blood flowCNSRamAgingBBBblood brain barrierinducible nitric oxide synthaseendothelial nitric oxide synthaseStrokeStroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtablecentral nervous systemCognitiondentate gyrusestrogen response elementWestnerve growth factorInsulin-like growth factorBrain-derived neurotrophic factortissue plasminogen activatorchemokine ligand 2Morris water mazemedroxyprogesterone acetateNeuroprotectionSelective estrogen receptor modulatorssubventricular zoneknock outElitewild typenicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphateHormone therapywhiStairOral contraceptiveRadial arm mazeChATcholine acetyltransferaseReactive oxygen speciesEstrogen receptorEstrogen receptor-αEstrogen receptor-β
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Authors
E.B. Engler-Chiurazzi, C.M. Brown, J.M. Povroznik, J.W. Simpkins,