Bisphenol analogues in surface water and sediment from the shallow Chinese freshwater lakes: Occurrence, distribution, source apportionment, and ecological and human health risk

•Except BPA, BPF and BPS are predominant in Taihu Lake and Luoma Lake.•The distribution of BPs in Luoma Lake is more homogeneous than that in Taihu Lake.•Compared to Taihu Lake, the sources of BPs in Luoma Lake are more simple.•The distribution of BPs in sediment is positively related with the TOC content.•No high eco-toxicity or estrogenic risk was found in Taihu Lake and Luoma Lake.

Compared to Bisphenol A (BPA), current knowledge on the spatial distribution, potential sources and environmental risk assessment of other bisphenol analogues (BPs) remains limited. The occurrence, distribution and sources of seven BPs were investigated in the surface water and sediment from Taihu Lake and Luoma Lake, which are the Chinese shallow freshwater lakes. Because there are many industries and living areas around Taihu Lake, the total concentrations of ∑BPs were much higher than that in Luoma Lake, which is away from the industry-intensive areas. For the two lakes, BPA was still the dominant BPs in both surface water and sediment, followed by BPF and BPS. The spatial distribution and principal component analysis showed that BPs in Luoma Lake was relatively homogeneous and the potential sources were relatively simple than that in Taihu Lake. The spatial distribution of BPs in sediment of Taihu Lake indicated that ∑BPs positively correlated with the TOC content. For both Taihu Lake and Luoma Lake, the risk assessment at the sampling sites showed that no high risk in surface water and sediment (RQt < 1.0, and EEQt < 1.0 ng E2/L).

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