Linking sources to early effects by profiling urine metabolome of residents living near oil refineries and coal-fired power plants

By profiling urine biomarkers and metabolomics in children and elderly residents living near a petrochemical complex, we can link their internal exposure to oxidative stress biomarkers through biological pathways associated with common complex chronic diseases and allergic respiratory diseases. The internal exposure may possibly be traced to multiple air toxics emitted from specific sources of oil refineries and coal-fired power plants.