Simple calculations, principles, and techniques to prevent reactive chemicals events in the laboratory

Most chemical reactions are exothermic and have the potential for an uncontrolled runaway if not conducted properly. Understanding how much heat is released, the potential consequences of an adiabatic temperature rise, the rate heat is released, and the rate heat can be removed can help prevent a runaway and its potential undesired consequences. Simple calculations to estimate the heat of reaction and potential consequences, and a review of some principles that affect reaction rates and rates of heat loss are examined. Experimental techniques are presented to minimize risks when limited data are available.