Environmentally-friendly in situ plated bismuth-film electrode for the quantification of the endocrine disruptor parathion in skimmed milk

An in situ bismuth-film electrode (BiFE) together with square-wave cathodic voltammetry (SWCV) was used to determine the concentration of the endocrine disruptor parathion in skimmed milk. The experimental conditions (deposition time, deposition potential and Bi (III) concentration) were optimized for the preparation of the BiFE. A glassy carbon electrode was used as the substrate. The selection of the chemical composition of the supporting electrolyte and the solution pH was aimed at improving the reduction of parathion at the BiFE surface. In addition, the parameters of the square-wave cathodic voltammetry were adjusted to improve the sensor performance. A cathodic current identified at −0.523 V increased linearly with the parathion concentration in the range of 0.2-2.0 μmol L−1 (R = 0.999). The sensitivity of the calibration curve obtained was 4.09 μA L μmol−1, and the limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 55.7 nmol L−1 and 169.0  nmol L−1, respectively. The performance of the sensor was tested using a sample of skimmed milk with parathion added. The same determination was carried out by UV-vis spectroscopy and the results obtained were used for the statistical evaluation of the data obtained.