Occurrence, distribution and possible sources of organochlorine pesticides in agricultural soil of Shanghai, China

Surface soil samples from agricultural soil of Shanghai were collected and analyzed for 24 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). The concentrations were in the ranges of nd-10.38 ng g−1 for HCHs (sum of α-, β-, γ- and δ-HCH), 0.77-247.45 ng g−1 for DDTs (sum of p,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDE, and o,p′-DDT), 0.84-10.08 ng g−1 for CHLs (sum of heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, cis-chlordane, trans-chlordane, and trans-nonachlor), nd-3.68 ng g−1 for endosulfan (sum of α- and β-endosulfan), 0.10-3.62 ng g−1 for HCB and nd-5.69 ng g−1 for other OCPs (sum of aldrin, dieldrin and endrin). The total OCPs concentrations ranged from 3.16 to 265.24 ng g−1 and the main contaminated areas were distributed in the south regions of Shanghai (including Fengxian, Nanhui and Jinshan districts). According to the measured concentrations and detection frequencies, HCHs, DDTs, HCB and heptachlor epoxide were the most dominant compounds among the 24 OCPs. The different compositions of DDT, HCH, chlordane and endosulfan indicated that the residues of these compounds in most soil samples originated from historical application, besides slight recent introduction at some sampling locations. The correlation analysis showed no significant relationship between TOC and OCPs. The quality of Shanghai agricultural soil was classified as low pollution by OCPs.