Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2-modified carbon-paste electrode for the determination of trace lead(II) by square-wave voltammetry

The analytical performance of hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2(HAp) screen-printed sensors designed for the detection of metals was evaluated. The hydroxyapatite plays an important role in modern analytical electrochemistry due to their usefulness for the preparation of sensors giving rise to improved responses from metals. The suitable HAp-modified carbon-paste electrode (HAp-CPE) for the electrochemical determination of lead is illustrated in this work using cyclic and square-wave voltammetry in the potential range between −0.3 and −0.8 V. Perchlorate acid solution (1.0 mol L−1) was employed as the supporting electrolyte. The voltammetric measurements were carried out using as working electrode HAp-CPE, and a platinum electrode and an SCE electrode as auxiliary and reference electrodes, respectively. Under the optimized working conditions, calibration graph is linear for 5 min of preconcentration time with the detection limit 7.68 × 10−10 mol L−1. This detection limit is remarkably lower than those reported previously using other modified electrodes or amperometric detection. The results indicate that this electrode is sensitive and effective for the determination of Pb2+.