GPCR responses in vascular smooth muscle can occur predominantly through dual transactivation of kinase receptors and not classical Gαq protein signalling pathways

Schema of GPCR signalling utilising transactivation pathways. In the context of GPCR agonist signalling of proteoglycan synthesis in human vascular smooth muscle cells the major pathways are the dual transactivation pathways involving transactivation of protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) and protein serine/threonine (PS/TK) (Alk 5) receptors and not the classic linear G protein directed pathways.173