Blast phenomena in urban tunnel systems

Traffic infrastructure in urbanised areas is increasingly projected in tunnels underground or covered over, these days. A consequence is that in case of an incident with hazardous materials the safety level for fellow road users in tunnels is considerably less than it is in surface infrastructure. To reduce the consequences of incidents for fellow tunnel users, urban tunnels are sometimes interrupted by open spaces of limited length. Open spaces allow, for instance, the release of smoke in case of a fire. In this way, possible lethal effects are limited to the tunnel section in which the incident occurred. To what extent an open space may also be effective in the mitigation of blast effects from an explosion in a tunnel system is subject of this paper.To this end, the blast effects originating from the rupture of a 50 m3 LPG pressure vessel in an urban tunnel system have been computed by numerical simulation. The results show that an open space in a tunnel system has a significant mitigating effect on the blast effects indeed. However, as a consequence of the ingress of a high-velocity jet flow that follows on a primary blast wave, a second blast wave develops in the tunnel section following on an open space. The strength of this second blast wave is not very dependent on the length of the open space. It shows that an open space in a tunnel system may not always limit the lethal effects of explosion incidents in tunnels to the tube in which the incident occurred. The second blast wave in the tunnel section following on an open space may have lethal consequences for fellow tunnel users by car window failure.