ReviewThe heme oxygenase-carbon monoxide system in the regulation of cardiorespiratory function at high altitude

Pulmonary arterial hypertension is one of the most serious pathologies that can affect the 140 million people living at altitudes over 2500 m. The primary emphasis of this review is pulmonary artery hypertension in mammals (sheep and llamas) at high altitude, with specific focus on the heme oxygenase and carbon monoxide (HO-CO) system. We highlight the fact that the neonatal llama has neither pulmonary artery hypertension nor pulmonary vascular remodeling in the Andean altiplano. These neonates have an enhanced HO-CO system function, increasing the HO-1 protein expression and CO production by the pulmonary vessels, when compared to llamas raised at low altitude, or neonatal sheep raised at high altitude. The neonatal sheep has high altitude pulmonary artery hypertension in spite of enhancement of the NO system, with high eNOS protein expression and NO production by the lung. The gasotransmitters NO and CO are important in the regulation of the pulmonary vascular function at high altitudes in both high altitude acclimatized species, such as the sheep, and high altitude adapted species, such as the llama.

► Pulmonary hypertension could affect people living at high altitudes over 2500 m. ► Neonatal llama has neither pulmonary hypertension in highlands nor vessels remodeling. ► The highland llama neonate increases HO-1 expression and CO production by the lung. ► The HO-CO system participates in the control of the lung circulation in the llama. ► The highland neonatal sheep decreases HO-1 expression and CO production by the lung.