Regulatory T lymphocytes from ALS mice suppress microglia and effector T lymphocytes through different cytokine-mediated mechanisms

► Tregs from ALS mice suppress microglia through an IL-4 mediated mechanism. ► Tregs from slow phase ALS mice have increased anti-inflammatory cytokine levels. ► Tregs from slow phase ALS mice inhibit ALS Teffs through IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-β. ► ALS mouse microglia induce ALS mouse Tregs to co-express higher levels of IL-4. ► There is an active dialogue between innate and adaptive immune systems in ALS.