The reorganization of corticomuscular coherence during a transition between sensorimotor states

•We investigate corticomuscular coherence during transitions in sensorimotor state.•During transitions coherence changed from the beta band to the alpha and gamma bands.•Alpha- and gamma-band coherence was only observed during movement overshoot.•Alpha-band and gamma-band reflect afferent and efferent corticospinal interactions.•Dual-band synchronization may be involved in parsing prediction errors.

Recent research suggests that neural oscillations in different frequency bands support distinct and sometimes parallel processing streams in neural circuits. Studies of the neural dynamics of human motor control have primarily focused on oscillations in the beta band (15-30 Hz). During sustained muscle contractions, corticomuscular coherence is mainly present in the beta band, while coherence in the alpha (8-12 Hz) and gamma (30-80 Hz) bands has not been consistently found. Here we test the hypothesis that the frequency of corticomuscular coherence changes during transitions between sensorimotor states. Corticomuscular coherence was investigated in twelve participants making rapid transitions in force output between two targets. Corticomuscular coherence was present in the beta band during sustained contractions but vanished before movement onset, being replaced by transient synchronization in the alpha and gamma bands during dynamic force output. Analysis of the phase spectra suggested a time delay from muscle to cortex for alpha-band coherence, by contrast to a time delay from cortex to muscle for gamma-band coherence, indicating afferent and efferent corticospinal interactions respectively. Moreover, alpha and gamma-band coherence revealed distinct spatial topologies, suggesting different generative mechanisms. Coherence in the alpha and gamma bands was almost exclusively confined to trials showing a movement overshoot, suggesting a functional role related to error correction. We interpret the dual-band synchronization in the alpha and gamma bands as parallel streams of corticospinal processing involved in parsing prediction errors and generating new motor predictions.