Separating neural and vascular effects of caffeine using simultaneous EEG-FMRI: Differential effects of caffeine on cognitive and sensorimotor brain responses

► Caffeine reduced task related BOLD responses in visual and motor cortex. ► However, amplitude and latency of visual evoked potentials remained unaltered. ► Performance and frontal BOLD response in an auditory oddball task were enhanced. ► Correspondingly, caffeine reduced the latency of target-evoked potentials. ► EEG-FMRI can separate vascular and neural influences of caffeine in low consumers.