Texture direction of combined microgrooves and submicroscale topographies of titanium substrata influence adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation in human primary cells

► Contact guidance is induced by submicroscale texture rather than by microgrooves. ► Acute angles between submicroscale texture and microgrooves trigger cell migration. ► Obtuse angles between submicro-texture and microgrooves discourage cell activities. ► Submicro-texture parallel with microgrooves enhance osteoblast differentiation. ► Earlier cell responses affect osteoblast differentiation but other factors exist.