| Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6115236 | Current Opinion in Immunology | 2012 | 6 Pages |
Abstract
⺠Bacteria and their viruses (bacteriophages) are locked in an evolutionary contest for survival. ⺠Random mutation creates resistance at low frequency; not fast enough to win this contest. ⺠Programmed genetic variation mechanisms allow fast evolution of the bacterial immune pathways. ⺠Changes in bacteriophage receptors and restriction-modification systems provide a generic (innate) immune response. ⺠Acquisition of bacteriophage sequences into CRISPR loci mediates a sequence-specific adaptive immune response in bacteria.
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Authors
David Bikard, Luciano A Marraffini,