Social-emotional delays at 2 years in extremely low gestational age survivors: Correlates of impaired orientation/engagement and emotional regulation

BackgroundPremature infants are less socially and emotionally competent at school age than infants born at term.AimsTo evaluate the correlates of social and emotional delays at 2 years of age among prematurely born children.Study designThis is a prospective cohort study.Subjects904 children born at < 28 weeks gestation during 2002-2004 and enrolled in the ELGAN study who survived until age 2 years and returned for a developmental assessment.Outcome measuresThe Bayley Behavior Rating Scale (BRS), a neurological examination, and the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II (BSID-II).ResultsFully 31% of children had a non-optimal (14%) or questionable (17%) (NO/Q) BRS score for Emotional Regulation (ER), and 27% had a non-optimal (13%) or questionable (14%) score for Orientation/Engagement (O/E). Children with NO/Q scores on ER and O/E were more likely than others to have MDI and PDI scores < 70 and be unable to walk. Antecedents of NO/Q OE scores included multi-fetal pregnancy, while antecedents of NO/Q scores for both ER and O/E included indicators of socioeconomic disadvantage, and male sex.ConclusionsOver 25% of children born extremely premature exhibit socio-emotional delays during developmental assessment at age 2 years. Antecedents of these delays include sociodemographic characteristics, as well as those common antecedents of other impairments commonly observed among extremely preterm infants.