A systematic review of the evidence on clitoral reconstruction after female genital mutilation/cutting

BackgroundClitoral reconstruction is a new surgical technique for women who have undergone female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C).ObjectivesTo review evidence on the safety and efficacy of clitoral reconstruction.Search strategyPubMed and Cochrane databases were searched for articles published in any language from database inception until May 2014. Search terms related to FGM/C and clitoral reconstruction were used in various combinations.Selection criteriaStudies of any design that reported on safety or clinical outcomes (e.g. appearance, pain, sexual response, or patient satisfaction) associated with clitoral reconstruction after FGM/C were included.Data collection and analysisEvidence was summarized and systematically assessed via a standard data abstraction form.Main resultsFour of 269 identified articles were included. They were fair to poor in quality. Summary measures could not be computed owing to heterogeneity. The studies reported on immediate surgical complications, clitoral appearance, dyspareunia or chronic pain, and clitoral function postoperatively via non-standardized scales.ConclusionsWomen who request clitoral reconstruction should be informed about the scarcity of evidence available. Additional research is needed on the safety and efficacy of the procedure to identify both long-term outcomes and which women might benefit.