Transarterial embolisation of renal arteriovenous malformation: safety and efficacy in 24 patients with follow-up

•The efficacy and safety of renal artery embolization for renal arteriovenous malformation as well as its long-term outcome are evaluated.•Renal artery embolization is safe and effective for the treatment of renal arteriovenous malformation.•Multiple sessions of embolization may lead to successful treatment of incompletely treated or recurrent renal arteriovenous malformation.

AimTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of renal artery embolisation (RAE) for renal arteriovenous malformation (AVM) as well as its outcomes.Materials and methodsThe technical and clinical success rates, radiological and laboratory findings, and complications of RAE for 31 renal AVMs in 24 patients (M:F=9:15, mean age 46 years) at two separate medical institutions were retrospectively evaluated. Technical success was defined as complete occlusion of feeding arteries with no residual nidus seen on post-treatment angiography. Clinical failure was defined as recurrence of haematuria, presence of AVM on follow-up ultrasound or computed tomography, repeated RAE or surgery for the control of haematuria. Overall clinical success was defined as resolution haematuria or disappearance of AVM on follow-up imaging after single or multiple sessions of RAE.ResultsTypes of renal AVM were AVM, arterio-venous fistula (AVF) with intranidal aneurysm, and acquired AVF in 19, 1, and 4 patients, respectively. 18 patients (75%) underwent a single session of RAE, while 6 patients (25%) had two or more sessions of RAE. The level of embolisation was feeder, segmental artery, and main renal artery in 28 (90%), 2 (6%), and 1 (4%) procedures, respectively. Coil, n-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate, and polyvinyl alcohol were the most frequently chosen embolic materials and were used in 19, 14, and 8 procedures, respectively. The clinical success rate after initial RAE was 67% (16/24). Overall clinical success rate, including multisession RAE, was 88% (21/24). The technical success rate of 31 procedures was 65% (20/31). Among 11 technical failures in 10 patients, 4 achieved clinical success without additional RAE, 3 underwent second session RAE to achieve clinical success, and 3 patients underwent nephrectomy due to recurrence.ConclusionRAE is a safe and effective treatment for renal AVM. Technical failure of RAE does not always lead to clinical failure and multiple embolisation sessions may be effective for recurrent renal AVM.