Spatio-temporal parameters and lower-limb kinematics of turning gait in typically developing children

•The biomechanics of turning in typically developing children were investigated.•Spatio-temporal and kinematic data showed differences compared to straight gait.•These findings provide insight into the adaptations required for turning.•The management of gait disorders may be improved via analysis of turning.

Turning is a requirement for most locomotor tasks; however, knowledge of the biomechanical requirements of successful turning is limited. Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate the spatio-temporal and lower-limb kinematics of 90° turning. Seventeen typically developing children, fitted with full body and multi-segment foot marker sets, having performed both step (outside leg) and spin (inside leg) turning strategies at self-selected velocity, were included in the study. Three turning phases were identified: approach, turn, and depart. Stride velocity and stride length were reduced for both turning strategies for all turning phases (p < 0.03 and p < 0.01, respectively), while stance time and stride width were increased during only select phases (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively) for both turn conditions compared to straight gait. Many spatio-temporal differences between turn conditions and phases were also found (p < 0.03). Lower-limb kinematics revealed numerous significant differences mainly in the coronal and transverse planes for the hip, knee, ankle, midfoot, and hallux between conditions (p < 0.05). The findings summarized in this study help explain how typically developing children successfully execute turns and provide greater insight into the biomechanics of turning. This knowledge may be applied to a clinical setting to help improve the management of gait disorders in pathological populations, such as children with cerebral palsy.