The role of bullying in depressive symptoms from adolescence to emerging adulthood: A growth mixture model

•Bully/cyberbully victimization, not perpetration, predict depression trajectories.•Findings assist school personnel in identifying students' depression trajectories.•Four depression trajectories identified across adolescence and emerging adulthood.

BackgroundThe present study sought to identify trajectories of depressive symptoms in adolescence and emerging adulthood using a school-based sample of adolescents assessed over a five-year period. The study also examined whether bully and cyberbully victimization and perpetration significantly predicted depressive symptom trajectories.MethodData from a sample of 1042 high school students were examined. The sample had a mean age of 15.09 years (SD=.79), was 56.0% female, and was racially diverse: 31.4% Hispanic, 29.4% White, and 27.9% African American. Data were examined using growth mixture modeling.ResultsFour depressive symptoms trajectories were identified, including those with a mild trajectory of depressive symptoms, an increasing trajectory of depressive symptoms, an elevated trajectory of depressive symptoms, and a decreasing trajectory of depressive symptoms. Results indicated that bully victimization and cyberbully victimization differentially predicted depressive symptoms trajectories across adolescence, though bully and cyberbully perpetration did not.LimitationsLimitations include reliance on self-reports of bully perpetration and a limited consideration of external factors that may impact the course of depression.ConclusionsThese findings may inform school personnel in identifying students' likely trajectory of depressive symptoms and determining where depression prevention and treatment services may be needed.