Electroconvulsive therapy has acute immunological and neuroendocrine effects in patients with major depressive disorder

BackgroundMajor depressive disorder is associated with alterations in the neuroendocrine as well as immune system. Few studies examined the impact of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) on these systems in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD).MethodsIn this explorative study 12 patients suffering from medication-resistant MDD or MDD with psychotic features were studied during the first, the fifth and eleventh session of ECT. Blood samples were taken immediately prior to the electrostimulus and 5, 15 and 30 min after the electrostimulus to assess various lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated or T-cell mitogen induced cytokines, immune cell numbers, Natural Killer cell activity, cortisol and ACTH.ResultsAcute ECT increased the LPS-stimulated production of the cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α by peripheral monocytes but not the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Acute ECT decreased T cell mitogen-induced levels of IFN-γ but IL-10 and IL-4 levels were left unaffected while NK cell activity increased momentarily but significantly. Cortisol and ACTH rose significantly after electrostimulus. Repeated ECT had no significant effect on any of the parameters.LimitationsThe study had a small group size. Also the patient group was heterogeneous as it consisted of patients with therapy-resistant depression with or without psychotic features.ConclusionsResults suggest that acute ECT is associated with transient immunological and neuro-endocrine changes, while repeated ECT does not have an additive effect on the immune and neuroendocrine functions.