Family-based training to improve cognitive outcomes for children from lower socioeconomic status backgrounds: emerging themes and challenges

•Family-based training can improve child cognitive outcomes.•Proposed biological mechanisms include changes in stress-regulation and self-regulation.•However, current challenges to large-scale implementation need to be addressed.•These challenges include scalability, assessment, and cultural adaptation.

In this brief review, we summarize key principles emerging from studies of family-based training to improve children's cognitive outcomes, especially for children from lower socioeconomic status backgrounds. Available evidence from both developed and developing countries supports the benefit of family-based training for promoting healthy child development, including long-term positive outcomes into adulthood. The biological mechanisms underlying program impact are beginning to be investigated, with current research emphasizing the potential for family-based programs to improve foundational brain systems underlying stress-regulation and self-regulation. As the field moves toward models of family-based interventions that can be adapted for use in different cultures and with diverse families, additional work will be needed to address challenges to large-scale implementation including scalability, assessment, and cultural adaptation.