Multiple gates on working memory

•Real-world scenarios require control over working memory input, output, and contents.•Frontostriatal circuits solve these issues via dynamics evolved for motor selection.•Output and reallocation of working memory may be critical for thought and planning.

The contexts for action may be only transiently visible, accessible, and relevant. The cortico-basal ganglia (BG) circuit addresses these demands by allowing the right motor plans to drive action at the right times, via a BG-mediated gate on motor representations. A long-standing hypothesis posits these same circuits are replicated in more rostral brain regions to support gating of cognitive representations. Key evidence now supports the prediction that BG can act as a gate on the input to working memory, as a gate on its output, and as a means of reallocating working memory representations rendered irrelevant by recent events. These discoveries validate key tenets of many computational models, circumscribe motor and cognitive models of recurrent cortical dynamics alone, and identify novel directions for research on the mechanisms of higher-level cognition.