Occurrences of endocrine disrupting compounds and pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment and their removal from drinking water: Challenges in the context of the developing world

The presence of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the aquatic environment and their impact on the ecosystem and humans are emerging issues in environmental health. Many scientists fear that these chemicals may be detrimental even in minute concentrations (ng/L to µg/L). Due to inappropriate uses, uncontrolled disposal of chemicals and lack of regulations, the risk of exposure to chemicals is probably greater in the developing world. Conventional drinking water treatment technologies have shown insufficient removal of EDCs and PPCPs. Advanced treatment technologies, such as ozonation, may seem a luxury for developing countries where there are more immediate problems such as water supply and sanitation. However, it would not be pragmatic to ignore the long-term dangers. An awareness of EDCs and PPCPs removal techniques in developing countries could help prioritise research to respond to perceived risks and develop appropriate technologies and policies.