Where are multisensory signals combined for perceptual decision-making?

•Multisensory integration is observed in sensory cortices and higher cortical areas.•Multisensory information could be integrated early and/or late in decision-making.•Manipulation of neural activity allows causal relationships to be established.•Causal tests indicate distributed networks underlie multisensory decision-making.

Multisensory integration is observed in many subcortical and cortical locations including primary and non-primary sensory cortex, and higher cortical areas including frontal and parietal cortex. During unisensory perceptual tasks many of these same brain areas show neural signatures associated with decision-making. It is unclear whether multisensory representations in sensory cortex directly inform decision-making in a multisensory task, or if cross-modal signals are only combined after the accumulation of unisensory evidence at a final decision-making stage in higher cortical areas. Manipulations of neuronal activity are required to establish causal roles for given brain regions in multisensory perceptual decision-making, and so far indicate that distributed networks underlie multisensory decision-making. Understanding multisensory integration requires synthesis of small-scale pathway specific and large-scale network level manipulations.