Optical super-resolution microscopy in neurobiology

Understanding the highly plastic nature of neurons requires the dynamic visualization of their molecular and cellular organization in a native context. However, due to the limited resolution of standard light microscopy, many of the structural specializations of neurons cannot be resolved. A recent revolution in light microscopy has given rise to several super-resolution light microscopy methods yielding 2-10-fold higher resolution than conventional microscopy. We here describe the principles behind these techniques as well as their application to the analysis of the molecular architecture of the synapse. Furthermore, we discuss the potential for continued development of super-resolution microscopy as necessary for live imaging of neuronal structure and function in the brain.

► Visualization of molecular and cellular processes in neurons is critical. ► Super-resolution light microscopy methods (STED; PALM/STORM; SIM) were pioneered. ► We describe the principal features and up to now achievements of these techniques. ► Applications of the techniques on the study of synapse architecture are presented. ► Potentials regarding live imaging of neuron functions in the brain are discussed.