Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
6286508 | Progress in Neurobiology | 2014 | 21 Pages |
Abstract
Ischemic brain injury results from complicated cellular mechanisms. The present therapy for acute ischemic stroke is limited to thrombolysis with the recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) and mechanical recanalization. Therefore, a better understanding of ischemic brain injury is needed for the development of more effective therapies. Disruption of ionic homeostasis plays an important role in cell death following cerebral ischemia. Glutamate receptor-mediated ionic imbalance and neurotoxicity have been well established in cerebral ischemia after stroke. However, non-NMDA receptor-dependent mechanisms, involving acid-sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a), transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7), and Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1), have recently emerged as important players in the dysregulation of ionic homeostasis in the CNS under ischemic conditions. These H+-sensitive channels and/or exchangers are expressed in the majority of cell types of the neurovascular unit. Sustained activation of these proteins causes excessive influx of cations, such as Ca2+, Na+, and Zn2+, and leads to ischemic reperfusion brain injury. In this review, we summarize recent pre-clinical experimental research findings on how these channels/exchangers are regulated in both in vitro and in vivo models of cerebral ischemia. The blockade or transgenic knockdown of these proteins was shown to be neuroprotective in these ischemia models. Taken together, these non-NMDA receptor-dependent mechanisms may serve as novel therapeutic targets for stroke intervention.
Keywords
OGDp160ROCKDEG/ENaCp90RSKNIKNHENCXASICMCAON-methyl-d-aspartateNMDAADFERMCaMKIIMMPERKLPSGFAPCHPMAPKNa+/Ca2+ exchangerNOxAIFEzrin Radixin MoesinArachidonic acidmiddle cerebral artery occlusionNADPH oxidaseinterleukinbradykininBlood–brain barrierBBBSodium/hydrogen exchangerapoptosis-inducing factoractin depolymerizing factorlipopolysaccharidematrix metalloproteinaseOxygen and glucose deprivationhypoxia–ischemiaGlial fibrillary acidic proteinmitogen-activated protein kinaseAcid-sensing ion channelextracellular signal-regulated kinase
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Authors
Tiandong Leng, Yejie Shi, Zhi-Gang Xiong, Dandan Sun,