In vivo and in vitro antileishmanial activity of Bungarus caeruleus snake venom through alteration of immunomodulatory activity

- BCV showed cytotoxic activity on promastigote and amastigote of Leishmania donovani in in vitro condition.
- BCV activated macrophages and increased cytokine productions in in vitro experiments.
- BCV treatment decreased parasite count both in liver and spleen of infected BALB/c mice.
- BCV treatment increased production of TNF-α, IFN-γ, ROS, NO in infected mice.
- Liver and spleen structure was partially restored due to BCV treatment in infected mice.