In vivo studies of the early, peritoneal, cellular and free radical response in rats infected with Fasciola hepatica by flow cytometric analysis

Early recruitment of the peritoneal cell population was observed during migration of newly excysted juvenile flukes. The peritoneal lavages were examined for T cells, cytotoxic NK cells (CNK) and free radicals production of rats at an early stage of infection by Fasciola hepatica. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were infected with 50 metacercariae of F. hepatica and non-infected controls were euthanized 2, 4 and 7 days post infection (d.p.i.), respectively. The peritoneal fluid of experimental animals was analyzed by flow cytometry to estimate cell phenotypes. The peritoneal areas were infiltrated by inflammatory cells, particularly from numerous neutrophils, eosinophils and CD4+ lymphocytes, which were significantly higher for infected rats than non-infected. CNK cells dominated in the peritoneal fluid of infected rats as early as 2 d.p.i. However, after 4 d.p.i. there was a decreased level of CNK cells which may indicate a change from a cytotoxic natural killer (NK) to a regulatory NK response. The challenged group generated very high in vivo levels of inducible nitric oxide (NO) from eosinophils. Superoxide expression was very high in macrophages and neutrophils compared to the uninfected control. In conclusion, our studies suggest that early F. hepatica infection could directly affect lymphoid cells and generate a high in vivo NO production by eosinophils in the peritoneal cavity. Moreover juvenile flukes could stimulate the macrophages and neutrophils to generate H2O2 radicals. The host parasite interactions resulting from immune response regulation by effector cells and immune evasion are discussed.

Graphical abstractDownload full-size imageHighlights► The peritoneal lavages were examined for macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, T cells, NK cells and free radicals production of rats at an early stage of infection by Fasciola hepatica. ► Rats were infected with F. hepatica and were euthanized 2, 4 and 7 days post infection. ► The peritoneal areas were infiltrated by inflammatory cells: neutrophils and eosinophils. ► Early F. hepatica infection could directly affect lymphoid cells, generate a high in vivo NO production by eosinophils and could stimulate the macrophages and neutrophils to generate H2O2 radicals in the peritoneal cavity.