Impact of DNAPL contact on the structure of smectitic clay materials

Smectitic clays have a flexible structure that may be impacted by contact with dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) present at hazardous waste sites. Measurements of the basal spacing of air-dry clays contacted with pure chlorinated solvents and chlorinated DNAPL wastes showed that the intraparticle spacing is similar to that in air. Basal spacings of water-saturated clays contacted with pure chlorinated solvents are similar to those in contact with water, even after extended equilibration times (300 d). In contrast, contact with chlorinated DNAPL wastes reduced the basal spacing of water-saturated sodium smectites in a relatively short time frame, resulting in cracks that were as large as 1 mm in aperture. The penetration of these wastes into the intraparticle spacing of clay and the resultant cracking may contribute to the accumulation of chlorinated compounds in clay layers observed in the field and the extended remediation times associated with this mass storage.