Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
6309788 | Chemosphere | 2014 | 9 Pages |
Abstract
This work investigates, for the first time, the occurrence of 10 drugs of abuse, six metabolites, and three benzodiazepines in surface waters from the Jarama and Manzanares Rivers in the Madrid Region, the most densely populated area in Spain and one of the most densely populated in Europe. The results of this study have shown the presence of 14 out of the 19 compounds analyzed at concentrations ranging from 1.45 to 1020 ng Lâ1. The most ubiquitous compounds, found in 100% of the samples, were the cocaine metabolite benzoylecgonine (BE), the amphetamine-like compound ephedrine (EPH), the opioids morphine (MOR), methadone (METH), and the METH metabolite 2-ethylene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP), and the three investigated benzodiazepines alprazolam (ALP), diazepam (DIA) and lorazepam (LOR). Meanwhile, the largest concentrations observed corresponded to EPH (up to 1020 ng Lâ1), BE (823 ng Lâ1), EDDP (151 ng Lâ1), and LOR (167 ng Lâ1). The only not detected compounds were heroin (HER) and its metabolite 6-acetylmorphine (6ACM), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and its metabolite 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD (OH-LSD), and Î9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Overall, the levels measured are comparatively higher than those previously reported in Europe. Comparison of the results obtained for samples collected on different days (Thursday and Sunday) did not show meaningful differences between weekdays and weekends. The lack of (eco)toxicological data does not permit to predict or disregard potential adverse effects on wildlife. Risk assessment in humans would require further knowledge, not currently available, on exposure to these compounds through other routes like drinking water and/or food.
Keywords
n.d.EDDPSPEDAS6ACMbenzoylecgonineMDMAATSIDASRMn.a.UNODCTHC-COOHRSPN.C.2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolEPSTHCMORLOQLSD3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine6-acetylmorphineSTPΔ9-TetrahydrocannabinolSurface waterEmerging pollutantsALPAmphetamineLORSolid phase extractionSpainLysergic acid diethylamideEphEphedrinealprazolamHERBenzodiazepinesnot detectedSewage treatment plantLOD یا Limit of detectionNot availableUnited Nations Office on Drugs and CrimediazepamDIAMass spectrometrylorazepamMethadoneMETHMethamphetaminelimit of quantificationlimit of detectionLimit of determinationAmphetamine-type stimulantsMadrid regionDrugs of abusemorphineselected reaction monitoringHeroinliquid chromatographyInformation-Dependent AcquisitionCocainecocaethylene
Related Topics
Life Sciences
Environmental Science
Environmental Chemistry
Authors
A. Mendoza, M. López de Alda, S. González-Alonso, N. Mastroianni, D. Barceló, Y. Valcárcel,