Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
6330986 | Science of The Total Environment | 2014 | 10 Pages |
Abstract
The measured wet deposition and air concentration of heavy metals were significantly underestimated by the model for all metals (except vanadium) by factors between 2 and 10. These results suggest major missing sources of annual heavy metal emissions which are currently not included in the official inventory. Primary emissions were able to account for only 9%, 21%, 29%, 21%, 36%, 7% and 23% of the measured concentrations for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn. A likely additional contribution to atmospheric heavy metal concentrations is the wind driven re-suspension of surface dust still present in the environment from the legacy of much higher historic emissions. Inclusion of two independent estimates of emissions from re-suspension in the model was found to give an improved agreement with measurements. However, an accurate estimate of the magnitude of re-suspended emissions is restricted by the lack of measurements of metal concentrations in the re-suspended surface dust layer.
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Authors
Anthony J. Dore, Stephen Hallsworth, Alan G. McDonald, MaÅgorzata Werner, Maciej Kryza, John Abbot, Eiko Nemitz, Christopher J. Dore, Heath Malcolm, Massimo Vieno, Stefan Reis, David Fowler,