Particle number emission factors and volatile fraction of particles emitted from on-road gasoline direct injection passenger vehicles

Particle number emission factors, and the volatility of the particles, are measured on-road for five gasoline direct injection vehicles over a wide range of operating conditions including urban and highway driving conditions. Two condensation particle counters (CPC) were used to measure nascent and non-volatile (thermodenuded) particle concentrations for transient urban and highway tests. To measure the non-volatile concentration and also the volatility of the particles, a thermodenuder was employed to remove the semi-volatile material from the aerosol sample. Rapid accelerations were also studied in more detail by measuring the particle size distributions in real-time using a differential mobility spectrometer (DMS). The ratio of semi-volatile particles to total particle number is generally higher during acceleration followed by the idle operating mode. The number emission factors (for particles larger than 2.5 nm) ranged between 5.46 × 1011-3.50 × 1012/km for freshly emitted (nascent) particles and between 2.87 × 1011-3.31 × 1012/km for non-volatile (thermodenuded) particles. More particles per kilometer are produced during acceleration compared to cruise conditions where the non-volatile particle number emission factor for acceleration is 2.3 and 1.8 times higher than vehicle cruise for urban and highway driving cycles, respectively. Particle number emission factor models are also presented in terms of particle emission rate as a function of vehicle tractive power and also as a function of vehicle specific power as defined for the US Environmental Protection Agency's MOVES model.