Three-dimensional forest reconstruction and structural parameter retrievals using a terrestrial full-waveform lidar instrument (Echidna®)

Three-dimensional (3-D) reconstructions of forest stands, constructed from scans of the Echidna® full-waveform terrestrial lidar, provide a new pathway to estimate forest structural parameters such as tree diameter at breast height, tree height, crown diameter, and stem count density (trees per hectare). We provide such reconstructions using data from the Echidna® Validation Instrument (EVI), which emits laser pulses at 1064 nm wavelength and digitizes the full return waveform. We reconstructed four stands from the Sierra National Forest and two stands from Harvard Experimental Forest of 50 m by 50 m size, with varying tree density and species, using data acquired in 2008 and 2009. Our procedure processes each lidar pulse return to identify one or multiple “hits” and their associated peak return power; converts peak power to apparent reflectance; locates hits in Cartesian coordinate space and stores them as points in a point cloud with associated attributes; registers and merges five (Sierra) or nine (Harvard) overlapping scans into a single point cloud; identifies the ground plane and classifies ground hits; produces a local digital elevation model; classifies non-ground hits as trunk/branch or foliage hits using the relative width of the return pulse; and uses commercial software tools to display, manipulate, and interact with the point cloud to make direct measurements of trees in the virtual space of the reconstruction. Results show good to very good agreement between virtual and manual measurements of tree diameter, height, and crown size, with R2 values ranging from 0.70 to 0.99.