Hypoxia in Manila Bay, Philippines during the northeast monsoon

Herein we present results from one of the first extensive bay-wide oceanographic surveys of Manila Bay, wherein 31 stations were sampled during the northeast monsoon (cold and dry season). A band of hypoxic bottom water (dissolved oxygen <2.8 mg/L) spanned the midsection of the bay from east to west. Bottom nitrate concentrations (5.7-16.8 μM; avg. 11.1 μM) and total organic carbon values in sediments (1.7-3.1%; avg. 2.4%) were high in the midsection, which coincided with the band of hypoxic bottom water. Physical processes and site-specific accumulation of organic material likely lead to hypoxic conditions in Manila Bay, even during the northeast monsoon period when the water column is relatively well mixed. The results of this study complement the previously reported widespread hypoxia that occurs during the rainy season. Thus, hypoxia may be pervasive in the bay throughout the year, although it varies in intensity and spatial extent.

Graphical abstractDownload full-size imageResearch highlights► Hypoxia in Manila Bay during the NE monsoon (dry season) is confined to the midsection of the bay. ► Physical features and stratification at deeper parts of the bay may promote occurrence of hypoxia. ► Organic material breakdown, nitrification, and sediment oxygen demand likely cause DO depletion. ► During the southwest monsoon (wet season), hypoxia is expected to be more widespread.