Mixing and convection driven by particles settling in temperature-stratified ambients

We use numerical simulations and analytical modeling to describe the long-term effects of settling particles on a temperature-stratified fluid. In particular, we examine the final state of the stratification and determine under what circumstances a stratification can be mixed by settling particles. We use a two-dimensional model, for computational efficiency, and find a criterion describing when fluid motions around settling particles result in significant mixing. Taking into account the potential of particles to act as heat carriers, we also find that if the particles carry sufficient heat to the bottom of the container, a stable stratification may be destabilized as the heat released by deposited particles triggers convective motions.