Mixed solvent-mediated exfoliation of graphene invoked by synergistic effect of steric hindrance and hydrogen bond for improved electrochemical performance on its polymeric composites

Graphene is considered as a promising candidate electrode materials for the high-performance energy-storage devices due to its desirable combination of advantages such as excellent electrical conductivity, large specific surface area, good electrochemical stability and controlled pore size distribution. However, the adjacent graphene sheets are tend to irreversibly forming agglomerates under electrostatic force, which seriously limit their further applications. Here, a simple, low-cost, eco-friendly, yet highly efficient approach to the exfoliation of bulk graphite into good dispersibility of few-layer graphene-Na+ is achieved by sodium hydroxide-prompted exfoliation process. As a result, an extremely high yield up to 2.72 g/L h is achieved, and the resultant graphene is of intact crystallographic structure and large aspect ratio of 6.5 × 103. Moreover, the as-received graphene-Na+ nanosheets with hierarchical porous microstructures and high specific surface area of 900 m2/g, are beneficial for diffusion of the active ions. Meanwhile, Density functional theory calculations result was further adopted to verify the effectiveness of this strategy. Besides, the as-obtained graphene/PVDF composite exhibits a low percolation threshold value of 0.06 vol %. When employing as the electrode materials, the graphene/PVDF composites possess a high energy density of 7.77 mWh cm−3 and power density of 2.86 W cm−3 respectively, along with an outstanding long-term stability.